Lupus nephropathy beyond immunosuppression: Searching for nephro and cardioprotection

Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) represents one of the most frequent organ manifestations, often leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Several therapies have been tested patients with nephritis (LN) prevent further damage. The effectiveness immunosuppressive therapy as a treatment for LN is abundant, supported by multiple clinical trials that shown its efficacy preventing development chronic (CKD). In addition therapy, several traditional and recent aimed at nephroprotection proteinuric are gaining importance setting LN. Thus, should be accompanied nephro- cardioprotective measures control cardiovascular risk factors proteinuria ensure better renal prognosis. Despite this, literature on these specific relatively scarce, recommendations focused blockade renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This review explores pharmacological options available protection outside usual schemes.